VITAMINS IN OUR BODY

Hi friends in this post i want to tell u about vitamins in our body.

Vitamins

A vitamin is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities, and it must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term vitamin is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (one form of vitamin C) is a vitamin for humans, but not for most other animal organisms. Supplementation is important for the treatment of certain health problems,but there is little evidence of nutritional benefit when used by otherwise healthy people.

By convention the term vitamin does not include other essential nutrients, such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids (which are needed in greater amounts than vitamins) or the many other nutrients that promote health, and are required less often to maintain the health of the organism.Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present. Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure. Thus, each vitamin refers to a number of vitamer compounds that all show the biological activity associated with a particular vitamin. Such a set of chemicals is grouped under an alphabetized vitamin "generic descriptor" title, such as "vitamin A", which includes the compounds retinal, retinol, and four known carotenoids. Vitamers by definition are convertible to the active form of the vitamin in the body, and are sometimes inter-convertible to one another, as well.

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Some, such as vitamin D, have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism, or regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (such as some forms of vitamin A). Others function as antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C). The largest number of vitamins, the B complex vitamins, function as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them; coenzymes help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism. In this role, vitamins may be tightly bound to enzymes as part of prosthetic groups: For example, biotin is part of enzymes involved in making fatty acids. They may also be less tightly bound to enzyme catalysts as coenzymes, detachable molecules that function to carry chemical groups or electrons between molecules. For example,folic acid may carry methyl, formyl, and methylene groups in the cell. Although these roles in assisting enzyme-substrate reactions are vitamins' best-known function, the other vitamin functions are equally important.

Until the mid-1930s, when the first commercial yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C supplement tablets were sold, vitamins were obtained solely through food intake, and changes in diet (which, for example, could occur during a particular growing season) usually greatly altered the types and amounts of vitamins ingested. However, vitamins have been produced as commodity chemicals and made widely available as inexpensive semisynthetic and synthetic-sourcemultivitamin dietary and food supplements and additives, since the middle of the 20th century. Study of structural activity, function and their role in maintaining health is called vitaminology.

List of vitamins[edit]

Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions, and therefore most have multiple functions.^[7]

Vitamin generic descriptor name	Vitamerchemical name(s) (list not complete)	Solubility	United StatesRecommended dietary allowances (male, age 19–70)[8]	Deficiency disease	Upper Intake Level (UL/day)[8]	Overdose disease	Food sources
Vitamin A	Retinol, retinal, and four carotenoids including beta carotene	Fat	900 µg	Night blindness,hyperkeratosis, andkeratomalacia[9]	3,000 µg	Hypervitaminosis A	Liver, orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash, spinach, fish, soya milk, milk
Vitamin B1	Thiamine	Water	1.2 mg	Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome	N/D[10]	Drowsiness or muscle relaxation with large doses.[11]	Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs
Vitamin B2	Riboflavin	Water	1.3 mg	Ariboflavinosis,glossitis, angular stomatitis	N/D		Dairy products, bananas, popcorn, green beans, asparagus
Vitamin B3	Niacin, niacinamide,Nicotinamide riboside	Water	16.0 mg	Pellagra	35.0 mg	Liver damage (doses > 2g/day)[12] and other problems	Meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts
Vitamin B5	Pantothenic acid	Water	5.0 mg[13]	Paresthesia	N/D	Diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn.[14]	Meat, broccoli, avocados
Vitamin B6	Pyridoxine,pyridoxamine,pyridoxal	Water	1.3–1.7 mg	Anemia[15]peripheral neuropathy	100 mg	Impairment ofproprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100 mg/day)	Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
Vitamin B7	Biotin	Water	30.0 µg	Dermatitis, enteritis	N/D		Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables
Vitamin B9	Folic acid, folinic acid	Water	400 µg	Megaloblastic anemia and deficiency during pregnancy is associated with birth defects, such asneural tube defects	1,000 µg	May mask symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency;other effects.	Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver
Vitamin B12	Cyanocobalamin,hydroxocobalamin,methylcobalamin,adenosylcobalamin	Water	2.4 µg	Pernicious anemia[16]	N/D	Acne-like rash [causality is not conclusively established].	Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk
Vitamin C	Ascorbic acid	Water	90.0 mg	Scurvy	2,000 mg	Vitamin C megadosage	Many fruits and vegetables, liver
Vitamin D	Cholecalciferol(D3), Ergocalciferol(D2)	Fat	10 µg[17]	Rickets andosteomalacia	50 µg	Hypervitaminosis D	Fish, eggs, liver, mushrooms
Vitamin E	Tocopherols,tocotrienols	Fat	15.0 mg	Deficiency is very rare; sterility in males and abortionsin females, mildhemolytic anemia in newborn infants[18]	1,000 mg	Increased congestive heart failure seen in one large randomized study.[19]	Many fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds
Vitamin K	Phylloquinone,menaquinones	Fat	120 µg	Bleeding diathesis	N/D	Increases coagulation in patients takingwarfarin.[20]	Leafy green vegetables such as spinach, egg yolks, liver

List of vitamins[edit]

Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions, and therefore most have multiple functions.^[7]

Vitamin generic descriptor name	Vitamerchemical name(s) (list not complete)	Solubility	United StatesRecommended dietary allowances (male, age 19–70)[8]	Deficiency disease	Upper Intake Level (UL/day)[8]	Overdose disease	Food sources
Vitamin A	Retinol, retinal, and four carotenoids including beta carotene	Fat	900 µg	Night blindness,hyperkeratosis, andkeratomalacia[9]	3,000 µg	Hypervitaminosis A	Liver, orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash, spinach, fish, soya milk, milk
Vitamin B1	Thiamine	Water	1.2 mg	Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome	N/D[10]	Drowsiness or muscle relaxation with large doses.[11]	Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs
Vitamin B2	Riboflavin	Water	1.3 mg	Ariboflavinosis,glossitis, angular stomatitis	N/D		Dairy products, bananas, popcorn, green beans, asparagus
Vitamin B3	Niacin, niacinamide,Nicotinamide riboside	Water	16.0 mg	Pellagra	35.0 mg	Liver damage (doses > 2g/day)[12] and other problems	Meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts
Vitamin B5	Pantothenic acid	Water	5.0 mg[13]	Paresthesia	N/D	Diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn.[14]	Meat, broccoli, avocados
Vitamin B6	Pyridoxine,pyridoxamine,pyridoxal	Water	1.3–1.7 mg	Anemia[15]peripheral neuropathy	100 mg	Impairment ofproprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100 mg/day)	Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
Vitamin B7	Biotin	Water	30.0 µg	Dermatitis, enteritis	N/D		Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables
Vitamin B9	Folic acid, folinic acid	Water	400 µg	Megaloblastic anemia and deficiency during pregnancy is associated with birth defects, such asneural tube defects	1,000 µg	May mask symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency;other effects.	Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver
Vitamin B12	Cyanocobalamin,hydroxocobalamin,methylcobalamin,adenosylcobalamin	Water	2.4 µg	Pernicious anemia[16]	N/D	Acne-like rash [causality is not conclusively established].	Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk
Vitamin C	Ascorbic acid	Water	90.0 mg	Scurvy	2,000 mg	Vitamin C megadosage	Many fruits and vegetables, liver
Vitamin D	Cholecalciferol(D3), Ergocalciferol(D2)	Fat	10 µg[17]	Rickets andosteomalacia	50 µg	Hypervitaminosis D	Fish, eggs, liver, mushrooms
Vitamin E	Tocopherols,tocotrienols	Fat	15.0 mg	Deficiency is very rare; sterility in males and abortionsin females, mildhemolytic anemia in newborn infants[18]	1,000 mg	Increased congestive heart failure seen in one large randomized study.[19]	Many fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds
Vitamin K	Phylloquinone,menaquinones	Fat	120 µg	Bleeding diathesis	N/D	Increases coagulation in patients takingwarfarin.[20]	Leafy green vegetables such as spinach, egg yolks, liver

DESCRIPTION ABOUT 
           
                              EACH VITAMIN

Vitamin-A

Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organic compounds that includes retinol, retinal,  retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids .. Vitamin A has multiple functions: it is important for growth and development, for the maintenance of the immune system and good vision. Vitamin A is needed by the retina of the eye in the form of retinal, which combines with protein opsin to form rhodopsin, the light-absorbing molecule necessary for both low-light (scotopic  vision) and colour vision Vitamin A also functions in a very different role as retinoic acid (an irreversibly oxidized form of retinol), which is an important hormone-like growth factor for epithelial and other cells.

In foods of animal origin, the major form of vitamin A is an ester, primarily retinyl palmitate, which is converted to retinol(chemically an alcohol) in the small intestine. 

vitamin-B

B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. Though these vitamins share similar names, research shows that they are chemically distinct vitamins that often coexist in the same foods. In general, dietary supplements containing all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamin supplements are referred to by the specific name of each vitamin (e.g. B₁, B₂, B₃ etc.).Each B vitamin is either a co-factor (generally a co-enzyme) for key metabolic processes or is a precusor needed to make one.

B vitamins are found in whole unprocessed foods. Processed carbohydrates such as sugar and white flour tend to have lower B vitamin than their unprocessed counterparts. For this reason, it is required by law in many countries (including the United States) that the B vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid be added back to white flour after processing. This is sometimes called "Enriched Flour" on food labels. B vitamins are particularly concentrated in meat such as turkey, tuna and liver. Good sources for B vitamins include legumes , whole grains, potatoes, bananas, chili peppers, tempeh . Although the yeast used to make beer results in beers being a source of B vitamins, their bioavailability ranges from poor to negative as drinking ethanol inhibits absorption of thiamine (B₁), riboflavin (B₂), niacin (B₃), biotin (B₇), and folic acid (B₉). In addition, each of the preceding studies further emphasizes that elevated consumption of beer and other  beverages results in a net deficit of those B vitamins and the health risks associated with such deficiencies.

so friends now i am unable to give summary of all vitamins due to some factors and i feel sad for not giving u the information.these are my apologies to u
                                             
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